Raw data are not always pretty. Data can have different patterns, be noisy, and vary from trial to trial. We usually collect data to measure, or more accurately, estimate an effect or phenomenon. At times, it is necessary to fit a mathematical expression to raw data in order to estimate the underlying effect or phenomenon. We can then use this
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As researchers, we have to write and publish scientific papers to let the world know about our work. The process of preparing a scientific paper can be enjoyable, but it can also be arduous. Different journals and publishers have different requirements about how we should format our submission. The title page should include certain items, the headers should be bold
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In the first and second posts of this series, we performed simple linear regression of a continuous outcome on a single continuous predictor, but we also learned it is possible to include binary or categorical predictors in such regression models. How is this be done? The hsb2.csv dataset we have been using also contains the variable female where male participants
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Researchers love p-values, especially when they are significant. It has previously been demonstrated that there is a disproportionate number of positive or significant p-values. In other words, many reported p-values must be false. That is to say, they are associated with false-positive findings. In a recent article, Cristae & Ioannidis (2018) investigated the characteristics of p-values reported in figures and
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Scientifically Sound 